Thursday, May 2, 2024

Engineering is evolution: a perspective on design processes to engineer biology Nature Communications

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These properties mean that engineering frameworks based on reductionism are challenging to apply102. In contrast, evolution is naturally adept at handling these properties because it acts holistically on the system within its wider environment. Attempting to design entire cells is yet another step up in terms of complexity, with the need to simultaneously coordinate many different cellular processes to maintain viability and fitness. These models have guided host modifications for improved metabolic engineering73 and even been used to generate minimised genomes in silico74. While these models are sometimes useful, their accuracy is severely lacking due to our limited knowledge of how cells work and missing parameters.

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However, the enormous design space for most genetic circuits (far exceeding those of metabolic pathways) means that the random SCRaMbLE-based search may not always be effective unless further constrained. In the following sections, we look at how the design methodologies described above can be applied in different ways to engineer biological systems across scales. Historian Walter Vincenti’s book ‘What engineers know and how they know it’, is to our knowledge the only thorough attempt at placing the engineering process on a firm epistemological footing25. Beyond aesthetics, art can influence mood and productivity, making it a beneficial addition to any office space. Your employees will appreciate the effort to create an inspiring work environment, leading to increased job satisfaction and motivation. In case of pole pockets, just slide the graphics through the pole and install the pole wherever you desire.

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Vinyl banners are finished with heat-welded hems and grommets at no additional cost. Beyond computational approaches, long-term experimental evolution studies have shown that novel traits can emerge through natural variation and selection. However, the timescales for discovering these traits can be incredibly slow, requiring thousands of generations75. The emerging field of synthetic genomics76 offers routes to accelerate this process and overcome our lack of knowledge when designing at a cellular scale. Efforts to synthesise and refactor entire genomes opens opportunities to unravel the core principles underlying genome structure and operation77,78,79.

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Designing microbial communities and ecosystems

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All these descriptions of the design process have a common core. The utility (ability to solve the design problem) of these variants is then assessed, and the best candidates are taken forward for further rounds of iteration. Sufficiently functional solutions are then taken forward for future rounds of iteration by natural selection. Biological evolution is a powerful design tool because biological evolution and design follow the same process. Careful consideration of how we approach design is crucial to all areas of biotechnology. However, choosing or developing an effective design methodology is not always easy as biology, unlike most areas of engineering, is able to adapt and evolve.

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